TARI GANDRUNG ( GANDRUNG DANCE ), Banyuwangi's Culture ( East Java)
TARI GANDRUNG (GANDRUNG DANCE )
Gandrung Banyuwangi is one type of dance
that comes from Banyuwangi
Origin of the term
The word "" Gandrung "" is defined as the blessing of the agrarian Blambangan society to Dewi Sri as the Goddess of Rice that brings prosperity to society.
Performances of Gandrung Banyuwangi
Gandrung is a performing arts presented with the accompaniment of typical music gamelan osing. The dance is performed in pairs between women (gandrung dancers) and men (pemaju) known as "paju" [2]Gandrung Banyuwangi dance is presented as a manifestation of gratitude of society after every harvest. [1] . This art is still a genre with such as Ketuk Tilu in West Java , Tayub in Central Java and West Java , Lengger in Banyumas and Joged Bumbung in Bali , involving a professional dancer who dances with guests (especially men) with musical accompaniment ( gamelan ). [ need a referral ]
This dance-dominated form of dance with orchestration is popular in the Banyuwangi region, located on the eastern tip of Java Island, and has become the hallmark of the region, so it is not wrong if Banyuwangi is always identified with gandrung. In fact, Banyuwangi is often nicknamed Gandrung City and gandrung dancers can be found in various corners of Banyuwangi area.
Gandrung is often performed at various events, such as marriage, marine pethik, khitanan, seventeen and other official and unofficial events both in Banyuwangi and other areas. According to the custom, the full performance starts from around 21.00 and ends until dawn (around 04.00).
History
The arts of Banyuwangi come together with the "Tirtagondo" (Tirta arum) forest to build the capital of Balambangan substitute Pangpang (Ulu Pangpang) on the initiative of Mas Alit who was inaugurated as a regent on February 2, 1774 in Ulupangpang So among others, told by the elders of Banyuwangi past.
Regarding the origin of Johan Scholte's fascinating art in his paper, among others, writes as follows: Originally a man named MARSAN jejaka was traveling to the villages with musicians who play drums and fly and in appreciation they are given a gift of rice that they carry in a bag. (Gandroeng Van Banyuwangi 1926, Chapter "Gandrung Men").
What is written by Joh Scholte is not much different from the story told by hereditary, that the first gandrung done by men with marsan (first gandrung dancer) who brought kendang and some rebana (fly). They went around every day to the places inhabited by the remnants of the eastern Balambangan people (today include Banyuwangi), which is said to live about five thousand inhabitants, due to the Company's invasions that were assisted by Mataram and Madura in 1767 to seized the Balambangan from Mangwi's power, until the sadistic, violent and brutal war of Bayu was won by the Company on October 11, 1772. It is said that the number of people who were killed, escaped, captured, lost indefinitely or abandoned by the Company more of sixty thousand souls. Whereas the remaining five thousand lives abandoned with their very worrying circumstances scattered dispersed in the villages, in the interior, even many who shelter in the forests, consisting of parents, widows and children who are not again have parents (have been orphaned piyatu) and other than that there is also escape away to another country. As to Bali, Mataram, Madura and so forth.
After the performances gandrung receive some kind of reward from the population who can afford rice or other crops and so on. And actually what seems to be a reward is a donation that will be distributed to those whose condition is very apprehensive to be displaced and in desperate need of assistance, whether those who are displaced in the countryside, in the interior, or who survive in the forest with all its suffering even though the war has over.
Regarding those who insist on living in the forests with their apprehensive circumstances, it is mentioned by C. Lekerkerker who wrote several events after Bayu could be destroyed by the Company's onslaught on 11 October 1772, among others as follows; On 7 November 1772, as many as 2505 men and women had surrendered to the Company, Van Wikkerman said that Schophoff had ordered the drowning of the male prisoner accused of inflaming the amok and who had eaten his flesh from his corpse Van Schaar. It is also said that the Madurese had seized the women and children as a result of the war. Some of those who managed to escape into the forest had died from the misery they had suffered. So the air caused the corpses to rot to a great distance. Others live in forests like; Pucang Kerep, Kali Agung, Evening and so on. And they are hard to stay in the forest with all their sufferings [3] .
Thanks to the emergence of gandrung used as a tool of struggle and who at all times often hold performances by visiting the places inhabited by the remnants of the people who live scattered in the countryside, inland and even to those still living in forests with the circumstances and then they want to return to their original yard to start forming a new life or part of them to cut down the forest of Tirta Arum who later lived in the new capital built on the initiative of Mas Alit. After completion the newly built capital is known as Banyuwangi according to the connotation of the name of the forest that was devastated (Tirta-arum). From the description it is clear that the purpose of the birth of this art is to save the remnants of the people who have been slaughtered by the Company and rebuild the eastern lands of the East which had been destroyed by the invasion of the Company (ie, which currently includes the District of Banyuwangi) .
Gandrung first woman known in history is gandrung Semi , a child who was then aged ten years in 1895. According to the story believed, at that time Semi suffered from severe illness. All the way has been done to the shaman, but Semi is not also healed. So Mother Semi ( Mak Midhah ) vows like "Kadhung sira sane, sun dhadekaken Seblang, kadhung sing yo sing" (If you recover, I made you Seblang, otherwise not). Apparently, Semi finally healed and made seblang as well as start a new chapter with ditariknya gandrung by women.
According to historical records, the first gandrung danced by men who dressed as women and, according to reports Scholte (1927), the main instrument that accompanies dance gandrung lanang this is kendang. At that time, the violin has been used. However, this gandrung gradually disappeared from Banyuwangi around the 1890s, allegedly because Islamic teachings prohibit any form of transvestism or dress up like women. However, the new male gandrung dance completely disappeared in 1914, after the death of his last dancer, Marsan .
According to some sources, Gandrung's birth is aimed at entertaining forest clearances, accompanying the ceremony of congratulations, in relation to the haunting of haunted forest. [4]
Semi gandrung tradition is then followed by his younger sisters by using the first name of Gandrung as his stage name. This art then continues to grow throughout Banyuwangi and become a local icon. At first gandrung may only be danced by the descendants of the previous gandrung dancers, but since the 1970s began many young girls who are not descendants of gandrung who studied this dance and make it as a source of livelihood in addition to maintaining its increasingly urgent existence since the end of the century -20.
Dancer's Clothing
Body Parts
Clothing for the body consists of a black velvet dress, decorated with golden yellow ornaments, and shiny beads and neck-shaped bottles wrapped around the neck to the chest, while the shoulders and half of the back are left open. At the neck is mounted ilat-ilatan that close the middle of the chest and as a top decorator. On the sleeves are decorated each with one shoulder and waist is decorated with a belt and bolt and decorated with colorful fabrics as a sweetener. Shawls are always worn on the shoulders.
Head Section
The head is fitted with a crown-like ornament called omprok made of buffalo leather that is tanned and given gold and red ornaments and is given the ornament of Antasena figure, Bima's son who has a gigantic human head but has a snake and covers all the dancers' hair gandrung. In the past this Antasene ornament was not attached to the crown but half as detached as a bird's wing. Since after the 1960s, Antasena tail ornament is then attached to omprok to be the current.
Further on the crown is given a silver ornament that serves to make the dancer's face as rounded eggs, and there are additional ornaments of flowers called cundhuk mentul on it. Often times, this omprok section is installed in hio which in turn gives a magical impression.
Bottom Part
Gandrung dancers use batik cloth with various styles. But batik style is the most widely used as well as a special characteristic is batik with elephant oling style, pattern of plants with elephant trunk on the base of white cloth that characteristic of Banyuwangi. Before the 1930s, gandrung dancers did not wear socks, but since that decade gandrung dancers always wear white socks in every show.
Other
In the past, gandrung dancers usually brought two fans for the show. But now gandrung dancers carry only one fan and only for certain parts of the show, especially in part seblang dawn .
Music Companion
The musical accompaniment for Gandrung Banyuwangi consists of one kempul or gong , one kluncing ( triangle ), one or two violins, two kendhang , and a pair of kethuk . In addition, the show is incomplete if it is not accompanied by a panjak or sometimes called a sharer (spirit) who is in charge of encouraging and funny effect in every gandrung show. The role of the panjak can be taken by the cluster player.
In addition, sometimes interspersed with Balinese saron , angklung , or tambourine as a form of creation and accompanied electone .
Performance Stages
jejerThe original Gandrung show was divided into three parts:
- forward or ngibing
- sebuh dawn
Jejer
This section is the opening of all gandrung performances. In this section, dancers sing a few songs and dance solo, without guests. Generally male guests just watched.
Forward
After the jejer finished, then the dancer started to give scarves to give to the guests. Important guests who first get a chance to dance together. Usually the guests consist of four people, forming a square with dancers in the middle. The gandrung will come to the guests who dance with him one by one with seductive movements, and that is the essence of gandrung dance, ie infatuation or lust.
When finished, the dancers will come the crowd of spectators, and ask one of the audience to choose the song that will be sung. The show is alternated between forward and repèn , and lasts all night until dawn. Sometimes the show faces chaos, caused by audiences awaiting their turn or getting drunk, so the fight is inevitable.
Dawn
This section is the cover of the entire series of performances Gandrung Banyuwangi. After completion of progress and rest for a moment, began part seblang dawn. It starts with a slow and devout dancers movement, sometimes with a fan flicked by rhythm or without carrying a fan at all while singing sad themed songs such as seblang lokento . The mystical atmosphere feels at this part of the dawn, as it is still closely connected with the ritual seblang , a ritual of healing or purification and is still performed (though difficult to find) by the dancers of elderly women. At this time, part seblang dawn often eliminated even though this section is actually the cover of one gigrade performances.
Type - Gandrung type
Gandrung is divided into several dances, among others:
1. Jejer Gandrung 2. Paju Gandrung 3. Seblang dawn 4. Seblang lukinto 5. Gandrung dor 6. Gandrung Marsan 7. Gama Gandrung 8. Jaripah
Some of the divisions are divided based on stage performances, music, and the dramatic and mystical.
Recent developments
Art gandrung Banyuwangi still strong in the face of the onslaught of globalization , popularized through electronic media and print media. Banyuwangi regency government even began to require every student from elementary to high school to follow extracurricular art Banyuwangi. One of them is required to learn Jejer dance which is a splinter of the gandrung show Banyuwangi. That is one form of local government attention to the local cultural arts that actually have started urged by other popular performances such as dangdut and campursari .
Since 2000, the artist's enthusiasm for the Blambangan Arts Council has increased. Gandrung, in the view of this group is an art that contains the historical values of the Using community that is constantly depressed structurally and culturally. In other words, Gandrung is a form of cultural resistance of the area Using society. [5]
On the other hand, gandrung dancers never get out of prejudice or negative image in the wider community. Certain social groups, especially the santri, consider that Gandrung dancers are women who have very negative professions and are subjected to inappropriate, angry, marginalized and even discriminatory treatment in daily life [6] .
Since December 200, Gandrung Dance officially became the mascot of Banyuwangi tourism, followed by sculpting gandrung displayed in various corner of town and village. The Government of Banyuwangi Regency also initiated a gandrung promotion to be staged in several places such as Surabaya, Jakarta, Hongkong, and several cities in the United States [7] .
Source : Wikipedia
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